![]() There are often significant social and economic costs associated with social distancing policies. However, as demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic, measures such as lockdowns are difficult to sustain in the long-term. While lockdowns have been utilized throughout the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, they are primarily intended to decrease the effective reproduction number (R 0) to provide the time and bandwidth for public officials and the health system to enact other containment measures, such as comprehensive testing, tracing, and supportive isolation. Non-pharmacological policies aimed at improving physical distancing, such as shelter in place orders or gathering bans, have been widely used to mitigate the spread of airborne pathogens, particularly in the early stages of a pandemic. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The above stated commercial affiliations did not alter adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. All manuscripts authored by employees of Google are reviewed prior to journal submission to ensure that it meets Google’s standards. Several of these authors were also involved in the development and launch of Google’s Community Mobility Reports. ![]() In addition, Google LLC provided support in the form of salaries for authors (JH, VE, SV, AF, KG, AB, AP, CK, AS, CS, SB, MA, MH, AO, KC, GC, TS, GAW, EG), but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. In 2020 GW served as a visiting scientist at Google LLC (Mountain View, CA). ![]() Milton Fund of the Harvard University Office of the Vice Provost for Research. The anonymized mobile data collected in this study meets all applicable privacy requirements and Google's policies.įunding: CC, LG, MT acknowledge partial support from the Lagrange Project of the Institute for Scientific Interchange (ISI) Foundation funded by CRT Foundation, and from the European Union’s Horizon H2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements 101003688 (EpiPose) and 101016233 (PERISCOPE). The publicly available data reflects ratios computed using these counts. ![]() The data analyzed in this paper consisted of anonymized, aggregated, and differentially private counts of visits to places in different categories. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Data on policy timing is accessible from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT): Data on known COVID-19 cases was obtained from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and national sources aggregated and standardized through the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University.: The anonymized and aggregated mobility dataset analyzed herein was the same one that was used to create the publicly-available Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports (first published at on April 2, 2020). Received: JanuAccepted: Published: June 30, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Woskie et al. PLoS ONE 16(6):Įditor: Stefan Cristian Gherghina, The Bucharest University of Economic Studies, ROMANIA (2021) Early social distancing policies in Europe, changes in mobility & COVID-19 case trajectories: Insights from Spring 2020. Citation: Woskie LR, Hennessy J, Espinosa V, Tsai TC, Vispute S, Jacobson BH, et al.
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